11.4 Data Protection

11.4 Data Protection In this digital age, data or information protection is mainly about the privacy of data stored digitally. Elements of data that can cause substantial harm, embarrassment, inconvenience and unfairness to an individual, if breached or compromised, is called sensitive data. Examples of sensitive data include biometric information, health information, financial information, or other personal documents, images or audios or videos. Privacy of sensitive data can be implemented by encryption, authentication, and other secure methods to ensure that such data is accessible only to the authorised user and is for a legitimate purpose. All over the world, each country has its own data protection policies (laws). These policies are legal documents that provide guidelines to the user on processing, storage and transmission of sensitive information. The motive behind implementation of these policies is to ensure that sensitive information is appropriately protected from modification or disclosure. 11.4.1 Intellectual Property Right (IPR) When someone owns a house or a motorcycle, we say that the person owns that property. Similarly, if someone comes out with a new idea, this original idea is that person’s intellectual property. Intellectual Property refers to the inventions, literary and artistic expressions, designs and symbols, names and logos. The ownership of such concepts lies with the creator, or the holder of the intellectual property. This enables the creator or copyright owner to earn recognition or financial benefit by using their creation or invention. Intellectual Property is legally protected through copyrights, patents, trademarks,etc. (A) Copyright Copyright grants legal rights to creators for their original works like writing, photograph, audio recordings, video, sculptures, architectural works, computer software, and other creative works like literary and artistic work. Why should we always mention the source from which we got an idea or used resources (text, image, audio, video, etc.) to prepare a project or a writeup? Think and Reflect Activity 11.3 Supose someone's email password is ‘tecnnology’ which is weak. Can you suggest a stronger password? Ch 11.indd 235 21-May-19 12:44:19 PM 2020-21 236 Computer Science – Class xi Copyrights are automatically granted to creators and authors. Copyright law gives the copyright holder a set of rights that they alone can avail legally. The rights include right to copy (reproduce) a work, right to create derivative works based upon it, right to distribute copies of the work to the public, and right to publicly display or perform the work. It prevents others from copying, using or selling the work. For example, writer Rudyard Kipling holds the copyright to his novel, ‘The Jungle Book’, which tells the story of Mowgli, the jungle boy. It would be an infringement of the writer’s copyright if someone used parts of the novel without permission. To use other’s copyrighted material, one needs to obtain a license from them. (B) Patent A patent is usually granted for inventions. Unlike copyright, the inventor needs to apply (file) for patenting the invention. When a patent is granted, the owner gets an exclusive right to prevent others from using, selling, or distributing the protected invention. Patent gives full control to the patentee to decide whether or how the invention can be used by others. Thus it encourages inventors to share their scientific or technological findings with others. A patent protects an invention for 20 years, after which it can be freely used. Recognition and/or financial benefit foster the right environment, and provide motivation for more creativity and innovation. (C) Trademark Trademark includes any visual symbol, word, name, design, slogan, label, etc., that distinguishes the brand or commercial enterprise, from other brands or commercial enterprises. For example, no company other than Nike can use the Nike brand to sell shoes or clothes. It also prevents others from using a confusingly similar mark, including words or phrases. For example, confusing brands like “Nikke” cannot be used. However, it may be possible to apply for the Nike trademark for unrelated goods like notebooks. 11.4.2 Violation of IPR Violation of intellectual property right may happen in one of the following ways: In this digital age, data or information protection is mainly about the privacy of data stored digitally. Elements of data that can cause substantial harm, embarrassment, inconvenience and unfairness to an individual, if breached or compromised, is called sensitive data. Examples of sensitive data include biometric information, health information, financial information, or other personal documents, images or audios or videos. Privacy of sensitive data can be implemented by encryption, authentication, and other secure methods to ensure that such data is accessible only to the authorised user and is for a legitimate purpose. All over the world, each country has its own data protection policies (laws). These policies are legal documents that provide guidelines to the user on processing, storage and transmission of sensitive information. The motive behind implementation of these policies is to ensure that sensitive information is appropriately protected from modification or disclosure. 11.4.1 Intellectual Property Right (IPR) When someone owns a house or a motorcycle, we say that the person owns that property. Similarly, if someone comes out with a new idea, this original idea is that person’s intellectual property. Intellectual Property refers to the inventions, literary and artistic expressions, designs and symbols, names and logos. The ownership of such concepts lies with the creator, or the holder of the intellectual property. This enables the creator or copyright owner to earn recognition or financial benefit by using their creation or invention. Intellectual Property is legally protected through copyrights, patents, trademarks,etc. (A) Copyright Copyright grants legal rights to creators for their original works like writing, photograph, audio recordings, video, sculptures, architectural works, computer software, and other creative works like literary and artistic work. Why should we always mention the source from which we got an idea or used resources (text, image, audio, video, etc.) to prepare a project or a writeup? Think and Reflect Activity 11.3 Supose someone's email password is ‘tecnnology’ which is weak. Can you suggest a stronger password? Ch 11.indd 235 21-May-19 12:44:19 PM 2020-21 236 Computer Science – Class xi Copyrights are automatically granted to creators and authors. Copyright law gives the copyright holder a set of rights that they alone can avail legally. The rights include right to copy (reproduce) a work, right to create derivative works based upon it, right to distribute copies of the work to the public, and right to publicly display or perform the work. It prevents others from copying, using or selling the work. For example, writer Rudyard Kipling holds the copyright to his novel, ‘The Jungle Book’, which tells the story of Mowgli, the jungle boy. It would be an infringement of the writer’s copyright if someone used parts of the novel without permission. To use other’s copyrighted material, one needs to obtain a license from them. (B) Patent A patent is usually granted for inventions. Unlike copyright, the inventor needs to apply (file) for patenting the invention. When a patent is granted, the owner gets an exclusive right to prevent others from using, selling, or distributing the protected invention. Patent gives full control to the patentee to decide whether or how the invention can be used by others. Thus it encourages inventors to share their scientific or technological findings with others. A patent protects an invention for 20 years, after which it can be freely used. Recognition and/or financial benefit foster the right environment, and provide motivation for more creativity and innovation. (C) Trademark Trademark includes any visual symbol, word, name, design, slogan, label, etc., that distinguishes the brand or commercial enterprise, from other brands or commercial enterprises. For example, no company other than Nike can use the Nike brand to sell shoes or clothes. It also prevents others from using a confusingly similar mark, including words or phrases. For example, confusing brands like “Nikke” cannot be used. However, it may be possible to apply for the Nike trademark for unrelated goods like notebooks. 11.4.2 Violation of IPR Violation of intellectual property right may happen in one of the following ways: